Latin America and the Catholic Church Case Study - 2

Latin America and the Catholic Church - Case Study Example At the conclusion of the lackluster oration, a BBC reporter stated, that the Pope gave,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the most unusual mass of his career.†(qtd in Hoyt,1983) Why were so many Catholics so disappointed? What were the reasons for the Pope’s behaviors? What were the consequences in Nicaragua after the papal visit? These are all issues that will be discussed in the course of this essay. Nicaragua in the late 1970s and 1980s was a land of revolution. Many citizens felt that their existing leader, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, was a tyrant. They saw the immense poverty, the hunger, the poor living conditions, the lack of employment available was directly related to the exploitation and oppression by their government; that this is the reason the poor suffered without relief. The plight of the poor Christians brought them to the rebel militias formed by the Sandinistas, who opposed Somoza, encouraged rebellion, and promoted the teaching of â€Å"liberation theology.†(Dillon,1999) This, sometimes, controversial interpretation of Christianity, relies heavily on the need to care for the poor and heavily rebukes traditional capitalist economic systems. These differing spiritual interpretations and differing political perspectives left Nicaragua, as a whole, at odds. Many, likely, thought that the Pope’s visit would aid in resolution and more potential peaceful ou tcomes. Just one day before the Pope’s arrival in the country 17 members of a Sandinistas Youth Group riding a bus were ambushed and killed. Many people cried out for him to say something in regards to the young lives lost, but he did not. Generally speaking whenever a foreign head of state visits another country, where youths have been tragically killed, regardless of the reasons,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦he is expected to say SOME sympathetic remarks.†(Hoyt,1983) Not only did he refrain from such condolences, he, in fact, had scolded members of the clergy for participating in the

Main Character Of The Novel Essay Example for Free

Main Character Of The Novel Essay Throughout the book, we see that George Elliot has a distinct pre-occupation and interest with presenting the working class rural community in an authentic light. She writes the book as a social anthropologist, studying the more primitive community of the time. She has a large amount of sympathy towards the poor, although she herself was not a member of the working class. Using the story as a vehicle she aims to expose the plight and indignity of the poor in Victorian England, it was her main motive. Therefore, her focus throughout the book is in fact village life; in this case a fictional village named Raveloe. Focusing on the villagers, their attitudes and their way of life acts as a way of also commenting socially and politically on the injustices they face. Raveloe can easily be regarded as the main character as without it, the narrative following Silas has little significance. The village shapes the narrative, being responsible for most of the major areas of interest in the tale. All the individual characters provide interest and together form the character of the town, from characters such as Dunsey to Dolly. The story begins with a sympathetic description of the honest folk of Raveloe. Our first real source of interest in the novel comes from the villagers hostile reaction to Silas. We are initially told about Silas through the eyes of the villagers. Elliot echoes the villagers process of thought and way of speech throughout the novel, namely at the beginning. The sound of Silas loom is described as questionable and he is said to have a dreadful stare. She is mimicking the mannerisms and phraseology of Raveloe as a whole and its reaction to the unknown. Silas mechanical method of working on the loom is seen as un-natural by the villagers, who can only judge him on their own experiences, centred round farming and agriculture. Due to this unfamiliarity, they see even pitiful attributes as sinister. His bad eyesight is thought of as a stare. This reaction of the village acts just as a reaction of a human character. It is typical of the village to think this way. In this respect then, the village can be regarded as any other character would. It has attributes and a predictable nature. It is these collective attributes of the community that make Raveloe one character, with which Silas relationships revolve. His relationships and connections with the characters of the community provide the most significant points of interest in the novel. Initially, there is the theft of his gold by Dunsey, then his integration into the community with the help of Dolly and later his confrontation with Godfrey over the fate of Eppie. Dolly represents the warmer, caring part of the Raveloe community, opposite to William Dane, the bitter symbol of Silas past. She is described to seek the sadder and more serious elements of life and pasture her mind upon them. Dolly seems to almost gain sustenance from helping those in need, in this case Silas. She helps him with the upbringing of Eppie, offering clothes and her own time. She fulfils her found role in the community. Although she can be seen as the prime example of the villages moral capability, such sentiments are seen universally. When Silas informs the villagers of his lost gold, the villagers group together in order to help him. By entering The Rainbow, Silas enters the hub of the village community, beginning the process of his integration. After seeing the authenticity and depth of Silas grief, any former rumours disappear as the villagers begin to relate him to themselves, seeming anxious to help. The event acts as a rare source of excitement, as the villagers become incapable of distinguishing reality from imagination, fabricating information concerning a pedlar with ear-rings. However this all represents a symptomatic characteristic of the village a concern to help others. The villagers reaction concerning the pedlar, is an indication of another key characteristic of Raveloe a belief in superstition. Although the villagers provide lengthy descriptions of this so called thief, we know that no such character even exists. It is an example of how, in such close cut communities, little matters, true or false, can be embellished, escalating into common belief, leading to the creation of new superstitions. Silas is initially associated with the devil and spirit worship. These suspicions are only heightened by his apparent skill with herbal remedies, his strange cataleptic fits, as well as his past home, Northard, where wizards, magic and folklore were associated. However his evident massive bereavement following the loss of his gold dispels any former rumours. Much of this superstition originates from the villagers discussions in the Rainbow, an important focus of the novel. This can be seen in the tale of Cliffs Holiday, a well known rehearsed tale. Mr Macey, the apparent head of this specific social community, describes how a tailor, known as Cliff, had tried to ride the tailor out of his son, attempting rising up the class system by making a gentleman out of his son. The story however ends with the son dying, and Cliff following him soon after. The story entails much superstition, mentioning old Harry, a euphemism for the devil, suggesting this unnatural desire to climb the class system was responsible for the death of the boy. The villagers, opposite to Cliff, are in fact very accepting of what they have been given. They feel content with what God has given them. Their pre-occupation is not to rise out of poverty but to merely co-operate with each other in order to make it bearable. This is seen in Dollys clear desire to help anyone in need, or at least to do the best she can. None of the villagers seem to complain about their conditions. They support Silas and each other. Another example of this is in Aarons desire to help Silas later on in the novel with his garden. He has no qualms about working in his spare time, he sees it as simply a decent thing to do. These sentiments would largely be a result of his mother, Dolly, and the way she brought him up. The meetings in the Rainbow are an important aspect of the social nature of Raveloe. Like going to Church, it is a social function. This religious aspect of Raveloe is alien to Silas due to his origins of the non-conformist Lantern Yard. He knows nothing of churches, only chapels. This complete lack of knowledge somewhat isolates him from the community; he does not go to church. However Dolly, is adamant that Eppie shall be brought up in the Raveloe faith and at the same time, introduces Silas back into religion. Both the working class are present in such functions as well as the gentry. The gentry are represented by the Cass family. The squire sees himself above the other members of the community, only becoming involved with them at festive, social occasions, such as the new-year party at the Red House. They are differentiated from the poor and, unlike Dolly, Mr Macey or any other members of the lower class community, represent little more than themselves. The Cass family are one of the villagers topics of discussion. They perceptively see the faults of the upper class just as they see faults in the lower classes. They take a specific disliking to Dunstan, due to his lack of respect of anyone, especially those below him. Godfrey is also seen as weak, Mr Macey describing him as a slack baked pie, commenting on his moral flaws. The primitive but nevertheless logical philosophy of, those who do well are rewarded while those who dont suffer, is apparently proven in both cases. Dunstan ends up dying due his greed, while, although it is unknown to them, because of his rejection of Eppie, Godfrey is seemingly punished by Nancy being unable to conceive. Silas innocence on the other hand, is eventually rewarded. He is blessed with Eppie, who changes his life. These conclusions follow the villagers moral code, maintaining justice. Categorically speaking, the village has a variety of overall attributes and a predictable nature so therefore can be described as a character. Furthermore, being the main focus of the novel, we can go on to suggest it is the main character. We are more aware of the values and nature of Raveloe as a whole than any specific character even Silas. All the main events of the novel are shaped by the village. Each personality of each character represents a different aspect of the village as a whole. These individual characters amount to create one, main character which dictates the narrative and plot of the novel. Elliots concentration on her depictions of the village, indicate that she desired it to be the main focus. Obviously Silas is important, however, it is the events that unfold around him in Raveloe that really influence the direction of the novel.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers fc

Capital Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does capital punishment do for our society? Does it really do anything to better our society, or is it just a way for our government to deal with the irregularities that accompany any ill-perfect society? Presented here are facts about the death penalty that will let you decide whether or not capital punishment is needed. There is a possibility of error when the death penalty is used upon a convicted criminal. Many times, a person who is accused of a crime, and put to death because of this crime has been later proved to be innocent due to additional evidence. But since the person accused of the crime has had his life taken from them, there is no chance to tell them that the government made a mistake and to let that person go and live out the rest of their life. The government must continue on knowing that they have killed an innocent person and the person they wished to kill, was still free. There is no fail-safe solution to prevent innocent people from being executed. Our judicial system is made up of human beings, and we human beings are prone to mistakes. Some of these mistakes are irreversible. There is also a racial bias when the death penalty is carried out. â€Å"Since the resumption of executions in the early 1980's, 40 percent of those executed have been black.† And more often than not blacks were more often executed than were whites without having their conviction reviewed by any higher court. The cost of carr... Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers fc Capital Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does capital punishment do for our society? Does it really do anything to better our society, or is it just a way for our government to deal with the irregularities that accompany any ill-perfect society? Presented here are facts about the death penalty that will let you decide whether or not capital punishment is needed. There is a possibility of error when the death penalty is used upon a convicted criminal. Many times, a person who is accused of a crime, and put to death because of this crime has been later proved to be innocent due to additional evidence. But since the person accused of the crime has had his life taken from them, there is no chance to tell them that the government made a mistake and to let that person go and live out the rest of their life. The government must continue on knowing that they have killed an innocent person and the person they wished to kill, was still free. There is no fail-safe solution to prevent innocent people from being executed. Our judicial system is made up of human beings, and we human beings are prone to mistakes. Some of these mistakes are irreversible. There is also a racial bias when the death penalty is carried out. â€Å"Since the resumption of executions in the early 1980's, 40 percent of those executed have been black.† And more often than not blacks were more often executed than were whites without having their conviction reviewed by any higher court. The cost of carr...

great gatsby :: essays research papers

â€Å"Now we have an American masterpiece in its final form; the original crystal has shaped itself into the true diamond.† (James Dickey)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is deemed to be a true classic in all terms. The Novel is a timeless masterpiece that any era throughout history can relate to. â€Å"Though written in the 1920’s The Great Gatsby stands as ... one of the masterpieces of the twentieth century American literature .â€Å" The book has â€Å"transcended its own age and turned into a timeless classic.† The novel may have been written to justify society at that time, however the entire storyline can be related to anyone that reads it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkner is an author who wrote a famous Nobel Prize acceptance speech. â€Å"He writes not of love but lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and worst of all, without pity or compassion.† Here Faulkner speaks of issues that also pertain to that of The Great Gatsby. Gatsby desired Daisy throughout the entire story. Everything he did and thought had been decided upon by his undying lust. When Daisy married Tom, Gatsby lost his chance with her. Then Gatsby won a glance at happiness with Daisy when she fell in love with him. There was no hope though, his poor youth kept him from being an aristocrat. Daisy only wanted to be with an aristocrat. Finally when Faulkner said â€Å"without pity or compassion† this relates to The Great Gatsby in how Tom and Daisy packed up and moved far away without even showing their faces at Gatsby’s funeral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Plot of the novel, is based on the fact that the newly rich, (those who were not born into money, but have acquired it over time), will never have the power of those who were born in to family wealth. The woman that Gatsby, the main character, is in love with, is married to Tom, a man of higher power than Gatsby.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living in East Egg, the couple looked down on those in West Egg. West Egg was â€Å"The less fashionable of the two,†(pg. 9) the area where those who had just acquired their new money lived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daisy, Gatsby’s love interest, deserted him after their past relationship and married Tom while Gatsby was at war. Gatsby’s newly obtained money was still not good enough for Daisy. This type of scenario is still typical today in society. Much of the world today is based on materialism and the worth of one’s fortune is more valuable than their own happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the most part the characters, their problems they face, and how they

Reflecting on one’s Communication Skills Essay

Introduction Nursing students can enhance their learning through reflection that is, reflecting on a situation that involves nursing care (Parker 2006, p.115). In line with this thought, I shall reflect on an experience and discuss the communication skills I used or should have used during the patient encounter. I will use the three what model based on the work of Borton (1970) and Boud (1985) to help structure my reflection. Before going any further, I am invoking the provision in the NMC (2008) code which declares the need to respect people’s confidentiality; hence, the identity of the patient who will be cited in this reflection will be kept anonymous. He will be given a pseudonym and will simply be referred to as Mr. B What? Mr. B is a 75-year-old patient in a nursing home diagnosed with dementia. Initially, it was my mentor who initiated nursing care to him and I was instructed to continue its delivery. The rationale why my mentor assigned me to Mr. B was so I can sharpen my communication skills. During my interaction with Mr. B, I tried to remain calm and spoke in slow and short sentences. I also used simple words although at times, I cannot help but repeat what I have already said because I was not sure whether the patient understood my statements. So What? At first, I was honestly hesitant and quite nervous when I interacted with the patient. I was already aware of his condition; hence, I was in a dilemma as to how I can communicate with him. This experience helped me realise that communication is truly an important part of nursing practice. Mastering all the routine nursing tasks and other complicated nursing interventions will all have been for nothing if a nurse does not know how to initiate a nurse-patient therapeutic relationship or interaction which naturally begins with communication. To simply put it, Ellis, Gates and Kenworthy (2003, p.214) declare that good communication is vital to effective nursing. According to Collins (2009) good communication helps build a therapeutic relationship which is central to nursing. It is a must for a nurse to be able to communicate effectively with the patient because communication is the tool that will allow the nurse to reassure a patient, empower the patient, motivate the patient, put a patient at ease, and convey understanding of the patient’s concerns (Collins 2009). I realised that communicating with a patient with dementia is more difficult than I have actually predicted. His condition was definitely the barrier that hindered effective communication. Even though I spoke in clear, short and simple sentences, there were still instances when the patient did not understand what I said or may be pretended to have not heard what I said. With this, I realise that one effective counter against such circumstance is to establish and maintain genuine rapport with the patient which can be done through frequent therapeutic conversations with the patient. Rapport entails trust and confidence of the patient to the nurse. Without, a nurse will have difficulty convincing a patient to follow instructions or adhere to advices. The experience also led me to realise the importance of valuing non-verbal communication. Before, I honestly took for granted non-verbal communication because the patients I handled in the past had no cognitive impairments that hindered verbal communication. It was only during this experience that verbal communication is less reliable due to the patient’s condition. This experience pointed out that a patient’s facial expression, presence or absence of eye contact, and bodily gestures can all help decipher a patient’s mood, feelings and attitude towards the nurse and the interventions given by the nurse. Videbeck (2010, p.107) relate that it is crucial for a nurse to understand what a patient is trying to communicate by means of observing non-verbal cues. I learned that a truly competent nurse is someone who is able to assess not only what a patient can verbalise but also assess those non-verbal cues displayed by a  patient which may lead the nurse to truly unde rstand how the patient feels and what the patient needs. Now What The experience helped me learn the importance of both verbal and non-verbal communication. As an aspiring nurse, I have to continuously sharpen my communication skills because I shall be interacting with more varied patients in the future. I have to be able to establish rapport with each new patient and I can do this by communicating with them. I must maximise my communication with my patients because I can do a lot of things by communicating such as motivate, empower, educate and understand my patients. Conclusion To sum up, reflecting on an experience will help discover different important learning. It will increase one’s knowledge identify strengths and weaknesses in one’s skills. Communication is key to building rapport and therapeutic relationship with patients. A nurse must always improve on his or her communication skills in order to better deliver nursing care. References Collins, S. (2009). Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship. (online) available at: http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinicalspecialisms/educators/good-communication-helps-to-build-a-therapeuticrelationship/5003004.article Ellis, R., Gates, B. and Kenworthy, N. (2003). Interpersonal communication in nursing: Theory and practice. London: Churchill Livingstone. Nursing & Midwifery Council (2008). The code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: NMC. Parker, M. (2006). Aesthetic ways in day-to-day nursing. In: Freshwater, D. (Ed.). Therapeutic nursing: Improving patient care through self-awareness and reflection. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Videbeck, S. (2010). Psychiatric-mental health nursing. 5th edn., Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Introduction Aseptic technique is the practice of carrying out a procedure in such a way that minimises the risk of introducing contamination into a vulnerable area or contaminating an invasive devise (Dougherty and Lister 2011, p.129). Aseptic technique includes several methods such as sterilising instruments, using antiseptic hand scrubs, and donning of sterile gowns, gloves, caps and masks (Cho and Alessandrini 2008, p.43). In line with this thought, this essay will explore the underlying rationales and evidence for the performance of two common methods of aseptic technique. These methods are hand washing and gloving which I personally performed many times during practice placements. Practising Aseptic Technique The delivery of effective nursing care rests on the hands of the nurse. This statement does not only apply figuratively but also literally because the hands of a nurse must not only be capable of performing tasks, it must also be clean while performing such tasks. Hand washing is simply indispensable in the performance of any and all kinds of nursing care activities. It becomes too mundane that sometimes it is intentionally or unintentionally neglected or performed in a manner that is less than satisfactory. As a student nurse, it was made clear to me that proper hand washing is a very important initial step in the delivery of nursing services. I have performed hand washing countless times, some at an acceptable standard while others below standard. The origin for strongly recommending or rather enforcing the need to perform hand washing may be traced from Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis who advocated the performance of hand washing with a chlorinated solution among doctors before assisting women in labour (Case 2011). White (2005, p.527) defines hand washing as the rubbing together of all surfaces www.newessays.co.uk and crevices of the hands using a soap or chemical and water. It is a part of all types of isolation precautions and is the most basic and effective infection-control measure to prevent and control the transmission of infectious agents. Hand hygiene which includes hand washing and gloving, is the single most crucial means of preventing transmission of antibiotic-resistant organisms such as the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci or VRE (LeTexier 2011). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2003, p.28) or NICE in its guideline for infection control dictate that hand washing and gloving are two fundamental modes of preventing healthcare-associated infection. The World Health Organization (2006) highly recommends that health care workers wear gloves to prevent microorganisms present on the hands to be transmitted to patients and to reduce the risk of workers acquiring infection from patients. The effectiveness of donning gloves in preventing contamination of infectious agents has been confirmed in many clinical trials (WHO 2006). To reiterate, both hand washing and gloving are two of the most indispensable methods of aseptic technique; however, amidst the overwhelming evidence on the benefits of both procedures, there are still erring professionals. Nurses, doctors and other health care professionals still do err in the performance of such procedures. In my case, I have done it many times before but sometimes, I still forget to do it or consciously neglect to do it. Perhaps, the problem lies not within the knowledge of the need to perform it but rather on the manner by which it should be perform. There are varying ways and means of performing hand washing. In fact there are different kinds of hand washing. There is the medical hand washing which is similar to ordinary hand washing and there is also the surgical hand washing. Every institution has its own version on how to perform hand washing. This is also true for donning gloves. There are different brands of gloves each of which advertise some form of advantage over the other. There are also different modes of donning gloves such as the open technique and the close technique. There are also different varieties of gloves like clean gloves and surgical gloves. The differences and varieties with the way hand washing and gloving may be performed may account for the reason why some professionals err in the performance of these two important aseptic technique procedures. Another factor in the possible non-compliance of some healthcare professionals may be related to convenience in the performance of such procedures. For instance, when a nurse is overwhelmed by work-related stress due to high inpatient census, sometimes, the simple act of washing hands is intentionally neglected. As a solution to this, it is recommended to make hand hygiene convenient (JCR 2009, p.64). Instead of the traditional soap and water, it is possible to achieve the same effect with alcohol based scrub; thereby, eliminating the need for washing hands with water. It is also advisable to choose gloves that have special fit for different sizes of hands rather than the fit-all type of gloves. Conclusion In summary, hand washing and gloving are two common types of aseptic technique which are indispensable in the everyday practice of nursing. It has been well established that hand washing and gloving are crucial in the efficient delivery of services particularly in the aspect of preventing the spread of infection. Despite this known fact, some still err in complying with such procedures. References Case, C. (2011). Handwashing. [online] Available at: http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/hand_background.php Cho, C. and Alessandrini, E. (2008). Aseptic technique. In: King, C., Henretig, F. and King , B. (Eds.). Textbook of pediatric emergency procedures. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dougherty, L. and Lister, S. (2011). The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures: Student edition. 8th edn., Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Joint Commission Resources (2009). Meeting joint commission’s infection prevention and control requirements: A priority focus area. 2nd edn., Illinois: Joint Commission Resources. LeTexier, R. (2011). Preventing infection through hand washing. [Online].Available at: http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/articles/2000/07/preventing-infection-throughhandwashing.aspx National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2003). Infection control: Prevention of healthcare-associated infection in primary and community care. [online]. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG2fullguidelineinfectioncontrol.pdf White, L. (2005). Foundations of nursing. London: Thompson Delmar Learning. www.newessays.co.uk Nursing Essay: Sample World Health Orgnization (2006). The first global patient safety challenge: Clean care is safer care. [online]. available at: http://www.who.int/gpsc/tools/Infsheet6.pdf www.newessays.co.uk

Mars Essays - Exploration Of Mars, Manned Missions To Mars

Mars Essays - Exploration Of Mars, Manned Missions To Mars Mars In 1962, the United States President, John F. Kennedy, spoke at Rice University in Houston, Texas. Kennedy promised to put an American on the moon by the end of the 1960s. (The History) On June 16, 1969 Kennedys dream promise was kept. The United States placed two men on the surface of the moon. (Apollo 11) By the year 2001, a few months short of 32 years later, no other body has had humans as guests. Why not? The vast wealth of knowledge which could be gained by a manned exploration of Mars is probably one of the better reasons to go. By further exploration of Mars the field of Comparative Planetology could be expanded. One of the procedures which could be performed my explorers sent to Mars is drilling samples out of the Martian ice caps. This process is done on Earth in order to get a climatic history. This information would be extremely useful when looking at Mars. We would finally know why the water which once rushed over Mars and created the great cannels of Mars have become frozen. Other important information which could be found on Mars deals with the vulcanism. We could more easily study to see when and why vulcanism ceased on Mars. (Collins 84) Opponents argue that this would just be all too costly. They claim that the money could not be found for such a venture.(Easterbrook 91) Well In answer to the money problem one comes to a totally new point, the economy. This spending of money would not break the United States government, it would stimulate the United States Industrial fields. The money spent on a Mars mission would not merely be spent in space, it would be spent in the United States. All of the money spent here would also push the United States industries to make better products. The companies would be pushed to create such dependable products in fields such as aerospace and avionics. Of course we would see the same effects seen after NASAs crowing achievement, putting humans on the moon, after putting humans on Mars. These effects are the expansion of the technologies used to reach into different fields. Such as medicine, many of the advances in medicine since 1973 can be attributed to the space program. Mainly through the work done in computers, electronics, thermal control, computational fluid dynamics and etc... Robots have been the explorers of Mars. We have now seen that robots have become ineffective. Such as the case with the Mars polar lander. A software problem caused breaking systems to shut down early. (Mars Failures) By putting a human at the controls such a software problem could be overridden. The use of such robotic probes are used to learn as much as possible without actually sending humans. This should be the main focus of the probes being sent. (National Space Society 61) We have learned from that mistake also. Bibliography Apollo 11. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. Microsoft Software. Collins, Michael. The US Should Explore Mars Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. Easterbrook, Gregg The US Should Not Explore Mars Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. Mars Failures Down to Cash. BBC News [online] Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_693000/693 033.stm March 29, 2000 National Space Society The US Must Pursue Manned Space Exploration Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. Roland, Alex The US Must Not Pursue Manned Space Exploration Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. The History Place- Great Speeches Collection. History Place [online] Available: historyplace.com/speeches/jfk- space.htm December 12, 2000.

Punctuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses

Punctuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses Punctuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses Punctuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses By Mark Nichol Usually, a subordinate clause is obvious, as in the case of this one you’re reading right now. Intuitively, you know to separate it from the main clause (in the previous sentence, the first six words) with a comma. But sometimes, as in each of the following sentences, the first word in the subordinate clause may deceive the writer’s eye. Discussion and revision for each example provides clarity. 1. You may submit a file in a different format provided that the content is the same as in the attached template. Writers may be confused into thinking that in this sentence, provided is a verb, but it is a conjunction (meaning â€Å"on the condition†) serving as a bridge between the main clause and the subordinate clause, and it must be preceded by a comma: â€Å"You may submit a file in a different format, provided that the content is the same as in the attached template.† Alternatively, the two clauses can be reversed, although in this version, the context is not as clear: â€Å"Provided that the content is the same as in the attached template, you may submit a file in a different format.† 2. Insurance companies and other financial services are likely to follow suit given similar pressures in their markets from new entrants. Just as in the previous example, a conjunction- in this case, given- is easily confused for a verb. Here, as above, it links a main clause with a subordinate clause, and a comma should precede it: â€Å"Insurance companies and other financial services are likely to follow suit, given similar pressures in their markets from new entrants.† However, in this case, the sentence flows better if the subordinate clause is inserted into the middle of the sentence as a parenthetical: â€Å"Insurance companies and other financial services, given similar pressures in their markets from new entrants, are likely to follow suit.† 3. The coach pursued a star player only to have a deal fall just short. Here, the bridging word (only, here meaning â€Å"with the result that†) is an adverb rather than a conjunction, but the function is similar, and the need for a preceding comma is sustained: â€Å"The coach pursued a star player, only to have a deal fall just short.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesDifference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Artist vs. Artisan

Conjugate Trouver (to Find) in French

Conjugate Trouver (to Find) in French In French, the verb  trouver  means to find. This is a little easier to remember if you think of finding a treasure trove. Beyond that, youll also need to memorize the verbs conjugations in order to say things like the present tense finding and the past tense found. A quick lesson will introduce you to the essential conjugations of  trouver  youll need. The Basic Conjugations of  Trouver Verb conjugations in French are a little trickier than they are in English. Where we use -ing and -ed endings to indicate the present and past tenses, French uses a new ending for each subject pronoun within each tense. That means you have more words to memorize. The good news for French students is that  trouver  is a  regular -er verb. It follows the most common conjugation patterns found in the French language, so the endings you learn here can also be applied to a number of other verbs. Well begin the lesson with the indicative mood, which includes the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses. Once you know that the verbs radical (or stem) is  trouv-, you can apply the appropriate ending. The chart will help you study these words. Simply pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense for your sentence. For example, I am finding is  je trouve  and we found is  nous trouvions. Practicing these in context will speed up your memorization and there are many common  expressions with  trouver  that can help you out. Present Future Imperfect je trouve trouverai trouvais tu trouves trouveras trouvais il trouve trouvera trouvait nous trouvons trouverons trouvions vous trouvez trouverez trouviez ils trouvent trouveront trouvaient The Present Participle of  Trouver For regular verbs, adding -ant to the verb stem forms the present participle. For trouver, that creates the word trouvant. Trouver  in the Compound Past Tense Beyond the imperfect, you can also use the compound past tense known as the  passà © composà ©. This requires a simple construction using the  auxiliary verb  avoir  and the  past participle  trouvà ©. The only conjugation you need to worry about here is for  avoir.  Youll use the present tense that matches the subject, then attach the past participle. For example, I found is  jai trouvà ©Ã‚  and we found is  nous avons trouvà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Trouver Among the other simple conjugations youll want to study for  trouver  are the subjunctive and the conditional. They both have some degree of uncertainty in the act of finding, with the conditional implying that its dependent on something else happening. There may also be times when youll encounter or use the passà © simple  or  imperfect subjunctive. However, all of the other forms should be your top priority as these are only used on occasion. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je trouve trouverais trouvai trouvasse tu trouves trouverais trouvas trouvasses il trouve trouverait trouva trouvà ¢t nous trouvions trouverions trouvà ¢mes trouvassions vous trouviez trouveriez trouvà ¢tes trouvassiez ils trouvent trouveraient trouvà ¨rent trouvassent The imperative  form  is the only one that doesnt require the subject pronoun. Its used in short sentences and instead of  tu trouve, you can simplify it to  trouve. Imperative (tu) trouve (nous) trouvons (vous) trouvez

Summary the artical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary the artical - Essay Example Blue oceans consist of all those industries that create new demand and market or expand the boundaries of the existing demand and market. By doing so, they generate new opportunities for profit and growth. Blue oceans have been a source of growth in the past and will remain so in the future. Emergence of new industries and wide products differentiation in the existing ones in the past demonstrate this phenomenon. As globalization spreads and barriers fall further, red oceans will increasingly become competitive with more products standardized resulting in price wars and reduced profitability. Only blue oceans will ensure growth and profit in the future. However, paradoxically, there is a bias in favor of red oceans. A study found that, out of 108 new ventures, 86 percent pursued red oceans strategy contributing to 62 percent of revenue and 39 percent of profit. Only the remaining 14 percent new ventures followed blue ocean strategy but they contributed 38 percent of revenue and 61 percent of total profit. Blue oceans have four defining features, as identified based on the data of 100 years in auto, computer, and movie and theater sectors. First, firms might create blue oceans through technological innovation in some cases but they tweak the existing technology to new uses in most cases. Second, existing firms often create blue oceans within their core competency areas rather than stepping out to new frontiers. Third, the most appropriate unit of analysis is not a firm or industry but the strategic move involving managerial actions and decisions to tap the blue oceans of demand and market. Fourth, creation of blue oceans builds new brands. Strategic orientation is more important than large R & D budget to create new market space. Red ocean strategy and blue ocean strategy have their own characteristics. In red ocean strategy, firms compete in the existing market space, beat the competition, exploit the existing demand, make a trade-off

Basket of currencies for the middle east region Research Proposal

Basket of currencies for the middle east region - Research Proposal Example What one wanted to exchange was not what the other party required or rather wanted. This brought the issue of conflict of interest and disagreement as to whether the transaction could take place. The challenges of bulkiness of the products as some of the products or goods exchanged were so bulky as to facilitate the transaction. The challenge of breaking the goods or dividing the goods into proportions. Some people wanted a half of the portion. Those looking for meat some desired just a piece of meat, but under the regime it was difficult to divide a whole cow that was being sold into a piece of meat. (Rabinovich 43) Under the prevailing challenges a common form of tool inform of currency had to be established. This was meant to facilitate the transaction process. The common form of currency had to be uniformly agreed upon. The respective parties had to unanimously agree on a common means of currency. These was supposed to be stable in its value as the value of the currency chosen was not supposed to depreciate, it was supposed to be generally acceptable as for it to be a common currency it was supposed to be accepted unanimously, It was supposed to be durable and not depreciate easily or loose value easily it was supposed to be easily divisible and subdivided into various denominations and finally it was supposed to be very portable. Portability of the currency necessitated that it was easily carried around. Various countries on these criteria and analysis have established some form of currency. They all have a certain currency that meets the mentioned characteristics and is unique to them. This is a reality that has resulted to the diverse bundle of currencies that exists all over the world. The bundle of currency is as a result of the various different currencies from the many countries of the world. (Poghosyan, 09) Countries have evolved the aspect of exports and imports.

Intervene or not Intervene Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intervene or not Intervene - Case Study Example Now the world leaders need to be more diplomatic and polite in dealing with other countries and leaders of the world in order to avoid any dispute. Since the September 11 attacks on the United States, most people in the world agree that the perpetrators need to be brought to justice, without killing many thousands of civilians in the process. But unfortunately, the U.S. military has always accepted massive civilian deaths as part of the cost of war. The military is now poised to kill thousands of foreign civilians, in order to prove that killing U.S. civilians is wrong. It is said in the media repeatedly that some Middle Easterners hate the U.S. only because of their "freedom" and "prosperity." Is it right? The U.S. deployed forces in the Persian Gulf after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which turned Washington against its former Iraqi ally Saddam Hussein. U.S. supported the Kuwaiti monarchy and the Muslim fundamentalist monarchy in neighboring Saudi Arabia against the secular nationa list Iraq regime. In January 1991, the U.S. and its allies unleashed a massive bombing assault against Iraqi government and military targets, in intensity beyond the raids of World War II and Vietnam. Up to 200,000 Iraqis were killed in the war and its immediate aftermath of rebellion and disease, including many civilians who died in their villages, neighborhoods, and bomb shelters. The U.S. continued economic sanctions that denied health and energy to Iraqi civilians, who died by the hundreds of thousands, according to United Nations agencies. The U.S. also instituted "no-fly zones" and virtually continuous bombing raids, yet Saddam was politically bolstered as he was militarily weakened. Other so-called "humanitarian interventions" were centered in the Balkan region of Europe, after the 1992 breakup of the multiethnic federation of Yugoslavia. The U.S. watched for three years as Serb forces killed Muslim civilians in Bosnia, before its launched decisive bombing raids in 1995. Even then, it never intervened to stop atrocities by Croatian forces against Muslim and Serb civilians, because those forces were aided by the U.S. In 1999, the U.S. bombed Serbia to force President Slobodan Milosevic to withdraw forces from the ethnic Albanian province of Kosovo, which was torn a brutal ethnic war. The bombing intensified Serbian expulsions and killings of Albanian civilians from Kosovo, and caused the deaths of thousands of Serbian civilians, even in cities that had voted strongly against Milosevic. When a NATO occupation force enabled Albanians to move back, U.S. forces did little or nothing to prevent similar atrocities against Serb and other non-Albanian civilians. The U.S . was viewed as a biased player, even by the Serbian democratic opposition that overthrew Milosevic the following year. Even when the U.S. military had apparently defensive motives, it ended up attacking the wrong targets. After the 1998 bombings of two U.S. embassies in East Africa, the U.S. "retaliated" not only against Osama Bin Lad en's training camps in Afghanistan, but a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan that was mistakenly said to be a chemical warfare installation. Bin Laden retaliated by attacking a U.S. Navy ship docked in Yemen in 2000. After the 2001 terror attacks on the United States, the U.S. military is poised to again bomb Afghanistan, and possibly move

Oral report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oral report - Essay Example Compared to them, now women are more independent and liberated. They can speak, act, and decide things in their own liking with no gender consequences imposed on them. Things are definitely much better. Men have learnt to accept women as their equals in society and life. They have embraced this change and even worked towards enforcing it such as giving equal parliamentary seats for women in various democratic nations. It is said great that things are borne of ideas and thoughts. I thought and wished for this development to once occur and it has. I also tried to acquire education to this effect but due to some reasons was unable to finish. The interviewee seemed very interested. More information was actually being given than what the questions were asked. They seemed to spark some memories and feelings that she wanted heard. It even proved difficult to sometimes be able to steer the interview in the correct direction and relevance to the questions. In her eyes and dedication you could feel that she felt part of history and its unfolding. That she is proud to have experienced that time and the changes that have occurred ever since. Most of what the subject answered was typical of other American women especially African Americans. Their experiences of this period are mainly filled with experiences of racial and gender discrimination. Aspects that greatly surrounded their lives and they all seemed to have wished it away though done nothing active in effect of this. During the periods of 1940’s, Detroit was the leading vehicle manufacturer and boasted of high living standards which rose social issues that later brought its crumbling (Herron 12). It had started a single house policy and living conditions and standards were of a higher class. This was mainly due to the vehicle manufacturing workers good pay. This meant that those earning less such as the subject and most of African American communities had

Federico World Travel Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Federico World Travel Services - Essay Example FWTS is concentrated on a friendly eco green environment that is both memorable and entertaining, giving the brand first class value. the company employs many revenue flow plans involving membership up-grade packages, Hotel and advertising packages for domestic airlines and outsourced advertising packages, the sales or brokering of accounting software, and subscription benefits for hotel chains. Primary traffic will originate from the free information provided to our FWTS customers and the world, using reviews, travel advice, local news resources, links, a blog, pictures, videos and universal articles, and allowing search engines to deliver guests to FWTS at no direct price. The earnings are generated perpetually as members submit content and new members are attracted, thereby attracting new advertisers. The brand model is developed specifically to fit an exponential function growth curve. Product and Services: Consultation related to activities and the complications of traveling Res ervation and lodging facilities Special customized packages for travelers Pre-arranged tours Supplemental services also include helping customers in cases related to the acquisition of passports. Mission Statement: The mission statement of FWTS clearly illustrates the scale of services, its diversity, and the target market for which the business intends to offer its services. Industry: Developing an approach of understanding the different kinds of applications that can be used primarily for improving the reputation of their businesses. Therefore, the strategic interests of businesses have leaned towards the e-commerce industry, which was later symbiotically affiliated with the Internet. Business Objectives and Goals: To shift attention towards things that carry a more â€Å"sustainable† functioning procedure and image. FWTS labels itself as a full-service tourism business. If its suppliers fail to live up to these expectations, they will be expelled from the corporation. Comp etitive Advantages: FWTS is always creating new ideas to improve the company and discovering new adventure destinations. The company strives to improve travel facilities, equipment, and technology and adopt the strategy of price leadership. Strengths: The market and size of the travel industry is continuously growing FWTS receives a majority of the customer base Weaknesses: FWTS is not very popular among people above 40 years of age, and does not capture a fair share of this specific market. Conclusion: In these competitive times, all organizations intend to introduce measures to being bring creativity to their marketing strategies and advertise the products they provide. Topic: Federico World Travel Services Introduction A marketing plan is the guideline to all the activities that a company uses to penetrate the industry market in order to sell its products and have a share in the market (Micheal,2010). To start with when formulating a marketing plan solid industry and market analy sis is vital (Michael & Susan, 2007). In the travel industry, the current players such as Air America, Fly emirates, Air Dubai do not satisfy customer needs because the market is too big for them to exhaust. Therefore, FWTS will take advantage of these weaknesses to satisfy customer needs and penetrate the market. Also, the current major players in the industry are poorly distributed only in the major cities again this is a major weakness which FWTS will capitalize on, by providing its services everywhere in the world. Also, the

Oral report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oral report - Essay Example Compared to them, now women are more independent and liberated. They can speak, act, and decide things in their own liking with no gender consequences imposed on them. Things are definitely much better. Men have learnt to accept women as their equals in society and life. They have embraced this change and even worked towards enforcing it such as giving equal parliamentary seats for women in various democratic nations. It is said great that things are borne of ideas and thoughts. I thought and wished for this development to once occur and it has. I also tried to acquire education to this effect but due to some reasons was unable to finish. The interviewee seemed very interested. More information was actually being given than what the questions were asked. They seemed to spark some memories and feelings that she wanted heard. It even proved difficult to sometimes be able to steer the interview in the correct direction and relevance to the questions. In her eyes and dedication you could feel that she felt part of history and its unfolding. That she is proud to have experienced that time and the changes that have occurred ever since. Most of what the subject answered was typical of other American women especially African Americans. Their experiences of this period are mainly filled with experiences of racial and gender discrimination. Aspects that greatly surrounded their lives and they all seemed to have wished it away though done nothing active in effect of this. During the periods of 1940’s, Detroit was the leading vehicle manufacturer and boasted of high living standards which rose social issues that later brought its crumbling (Herron 12). It had started a single house policy and living conditions and standards were of a higher class. This was mainly due to the vehicle manufacturing workers good pay. This meant that those earning less such as the subject and most of African American communities had

Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Events - Essay Example Often the military or the paramedics would step in and, with the aid of volunteers, deal with the situation on an ad-hoc basis. But the disorganized and unsystematic nature of these efforts would lead to less than satisfactory response to the event. It is only in recent decades that organized and exclusive government agencies were set up to prevent and manage unexpected emergencies. It is with the formation of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) in 1979 that the nation had a separate government body for tackling emergencies. Prior to that, even in the three decades following the Second World War, the approach to emergency events was piecemeal and loosely coordinated. But, despite empowering FEMA with necessary discretionary powers during crisis situations, as well as providing it with sufficient funds for garnering resources, the agency has not lived up to expectations. In more than three decades of FEMA’s existence, the nation has seen a fair share of natural disasters . But often FEMA has been found wanting in its competence and execution of prediction, prevention and relief operations. Two events in particular stand out as great lessons for the agency - Hurricane Andrew of 1992 and Hurricane Katrina of 2005. These two events exposed the state of emergency management in the United States. They played a significant role in shaping the field of Emergency Management subsequent to the event. Remedial measures were taken to restructure related agencies and personnel teams based on the failures experienced during the two events. Hurricane Andrew hit the South Eastern coast of the United States (in particular the states of Florida and Louisiana) in August of 1992. Powerful gale storms above the speed of 170 miles per hour caused havoc in the region. It uprooted hundreds of trees, threw astray public facilities, disrupted telecommunication, made public transportation unviable and most importantly, displaced tens of thousands of people from their homes. I n the aftermath of the hurricane, a quarter of a million citizens were left homeless. Their houses were either destroyed by the hurricane or left inundated by flooding. FEMA was criticized from all angles for failing to anticipate the intensity of the hurricane as well as being able to evacuate vulnerable communities to safer places in advance. It eventually took the arrival of battalions of soldiers from the National Guard to partially bring the situation under control. The National Academy of Public Administration prepared a detailed report on the event titled ‘Coping with Catastrophe’. This report outlined various shortcomings of FEMA and the manner in which it went about its designated work. One of the outcomes of this inquiry is the creation of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. Yet, these adjustments would prove to be inadequate, as the disasters surrounding Hurricane Katrina of 2005 would show. Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast region of the United States in August 2005. FEMA’s anticipation of the onset of the hurricane was fairly accurate, and it positioned response personnel in the vulnerable regions ahead of time. But where FEMA erred is in not empowering the personnel with resources and direct access to the affected population. The inadequacy of the response personnel was proven by the fact that within three days of the onset of the Hurricane, the National Guard troops were once again pressed into service. New Orleans

Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay Example for Free

Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay The Occupy Wall Street movement started from young protestors growing tired of high student loans and low grossing wages. The movement had moral and economic implications. These implications could be compared to utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue ethics, with one that best applies to the movement. There are several people and organizations that can be held responsible for the inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. There is an equitable outcome that would be appropriate for our capitalistic society from this movement. The movement will fade away with time with likely outcomes to come from the protests. Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. One of the main concerns of the Occupy Wall Street movement is the rising cost of college and student loans. If student loans were forgiven, however, it wouldnt solve the fundamental problem of costly education. A government program that forgave student loans would improve the finances of people holding student loans, but it would do so at the expense of taxpayers in America. Many of these taxpayers would fall within the 99%. Furthermore, by seeking bailouts for student loans, the Occupy Wall Street movement is fundamentally no different than the banks and corporations that theyre criticizing. For the most part, media coverage of the Occupy Wall Street protest has been predictable. Stories are narrated according to the pro/con structure typical of balanced reporting or sensationalism. On the one hand, positive focus sympathetically explains why protesters have been demonstrating en masse since Sept. 17. These accounts place the activist mantra of â€Å"We are the 99%† in a historical and economic context that connects significant inequalities in wealth to violations of justice that should prompt people of conscience to demand rectification. On the other hand, negative reports argue against interpreting the protest as legitimate civil disobedience. Occupy Wall Street is an especially interesting collective action movement because it embodies a distinctive and pervasive shift in ethical orientation. The long-simmering forces that gave rise to the protests also have profoundly altered how students today view their place in society. Analyze each of the implications identified above against the utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue ethics to determine which theory best applies to the movement. Support your position with examples and evidence. We are living in historic times. Capitalism will not be brought down in this through this movement. This is as a result of weaknesses of linkages between working class revolutionary theory and practice as represented by the partisan and broader social manifestation of this most decisive force of bringing to birth a new world on the ashes of that morass which we now live in. But it is an hour in which great leaps forward can be made and are being made. Such hours come with lessons that would be invaluable for us living today and for generations coming after us that would eventually cleanse the life of humankind of the ugliness and pains that capitalism stamps on its beauty and fullness. Utilitarian ethics on its own part conflates the expansion of wealth in society as a whole with greater happiness for the greater number of persons in society, thus losing sight of the proportional increase in unhappiness for most members of society that create the wealth, with the expansion of such wealth, which a few appropriate (Ferguson 2008). This is of particular importance for industrial relations, which addresses the site of relations in the process of production. Determine who is responsible for income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. In your analysis, make sure to include if this is something that happened suddenly or if it built up over time. Explain your rationale. Wealth accumulates over time. The highest earners are able to save much of their incomes, whereas lower earners can’t. That means high earners can accumulate more and more wealth as time goes on (assuming they don’t blow it all, of course). Higher-earning Americans also have the resources to pay for better tax preparation, which helps them reduce their taxes and save even more money. On the tax front, note also that people who have already accumulated wealth stand to earn a lot in capital gains, which are also taxed at a lower rate. Most of the attention paid to economic inequality pertains to what people are making each hour or each year, not what they already have stored up or what kind of cushion they have to fall back on. Perhaps that’s bec ause most people do not have a firm grasp of how much they’re â€Å"worth,† but they can always look to their paychecks to see how much they have coming in, and can make easier comparisons to their neighbors. Proposals for a wealth tax resurface periodically. The idea is always contentious since it basically requires double-taxation of earnings. There are lots of existing examples of double-taxation on the books, though. Few measures would help the long-term health of the economy more than reducing the economic and political clout of Wall Street. The financial sector exists to connect savers with investors and to do so at the lowest feasible cost and risk. In a sensible world, we would view the financial sector as nothing more than a transactions cost to be minimized along the way to producing the goods and services that the economy is really about. No society has come close to making wealth distribution equal. The great egalitarian experiments of the 20th century proved this, as attentive readers have known since the 1957 publication of Yugoslav dissident Milovan Ä ilas’ The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System, which revealed shocking disparities in quality of life in the â€Å"workers’ paradises† of Eastern Europe. China gave the world a horrific double-shot of rural poverty and relative urban wealth; it is only since the country joined global trading markets that it has seen provincial poverty decline. At the same time, income inequality in China has grown, as it does in every rising economy. Growing wealth disparities are in fact a sign that overall prosperity is increasing in a competitive marketplace. The economist Gary Becker recently described how this works: â€Å"It would be hard to motivate the vast majority of individuals to exert much effort, including creative effort, if everyone had the same earnings, status, prestige, and other types of rewards. Fewer individuals would engage in the hard work involved in finishing high school and going on to college if they did not expect their additional education to bring higher incomes, better health, more prestige, and better opportunities to marry.† Creating general equality of opportunity is among the greatest U.S. achievements. But creating equality of outcomes has caused misery everywhere it has been tried. Suggest an equitable outcome from the movement that would be appropriate for our capitalistic society. This protesting will end up in getting at least one of the following token changes enacted: Eliminating the electoral college but leaving campaign finance untouched; Outlaw lobbying and then creating a new official department with a new name that companies use to lobby through; Legalize gay marriage; Raise the tax on the rich a small amount for a few years. After winning this token victory the people will go back home to their normal lives and get stuck in the rat race again. It’s true that loan forgiveness will not solve the fundamental problem with education costs, because the real problem is that corporations just aren’t interested in paying for it, they’d rather make money off it, which is precisely what they’re doing. But this does not mean that the costs have to be shi fted to the taxpayer. The private institutions that created the debt in the first place ought to bear the burden. But there is a way that education costs can be drastically reduced without raising taxes a dime on anyone, even corporations: by slashing the defense budget. There are high-quality universities in third world countries that have negligible education costs, simply because they are funded directly by the public sector. Why the richest country on the planet can’t have inexpensive education as well is anathema. Cutting the defense budget increasing education spending are some of the main goals of the Occupy movement, which are also shared by the vast majority of the population, but unfortunately not by our politicians. Michael OHanlon examines proposed budget cuts for the Department of Defense, noting that U.S. military will have to eliminate programs and forces just to accomplish the savings goals now on the books, and outlining possible ideas for cutting spending without harming national security. Predict whether the movement will continue, fad away, or turn into something else. Provide a rationale with your response. Occupy Wall Street was at the pinnacle of its power in October 2011, when thousands of people converged at Zuccotti Park and successfully foiled the plans of billionaire Mayor Michael Bloomberg to sweep away the occupation on grounds of public health. From that vantage point, the Occupy movement appears to have tumbled off a cliff, having failed to organize anything like a general strike on May Day, despite months of rumblings of mass walkouts, blockades and shutdowns. If history repeats itself then the police will continually harass the protesters and make their lives miserable using nonphysical methods. It will not come to Americans getting shot by law enforcement officials. Technology and a more connected culture has changed the political landscape so that less outrages more people. And the Internet has given every person in the world a megaphone that can be heard around the world. It doesn’t take too many people with megaphones to rally the world. Americans will put their collective foot down after a few more beatings well before it comes to shooting. Plus, a lot of law enforcement personnel are pretty fed up with the system themselves. If the protesters made a more concentrated effort to win the hearts and minds of the police and the military they could speed up the process of forcing the government to throw them their victory sooner than later. The Occupy Wall Street movement started from young protestors growing tired of high student loans and low grossing wages. The movement had moral and economic implications. These implications could be compared to utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue ethics, with one that best applies to the movement. There are several people and organizations that can be held responsible for the inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. There is an equitable outcome that would be appropriate for our capitalistic society from this movement. The movement will fade away with time with likely outcomes to come from the protests. Reference: Business Ethics 2010 Money.msn.com Huffingtonpost.com Cleanbreak.com/ocuupywallstreet

Two sociological theories and two psychological theories

Two sociological theories and two psychological theories The Johnson family Scenario In this assignment I will explore two sociological theories and two psychological theories impacting on the Johnson family. I shall begin by exploring sociological theories analysing and defining them and in the second half of this assignment will then explore psychological theories. I will also look at the professional interventions available in social work. I shall endeavour to indicate their strength and weaknesses incorporating their relationships to issues of class, race, culture gender and sexuality. I will then reflect on the influence of these theories on my own development to achieve social work professional status. Max Weber defined consensus as existing when expectations about the behaviour of others are realistic because the others will usually accept these expectations as valid for themselves, even without an explicit agreement. For Marxists, consensus is a highly ideological concept used to perpetuate class rule by attempting to disguise the extent of conflict within society. (Answers.com) Durkheim is known to have drawn an analogue of the functionalist perspective view in which he said that society is a system of interrelated parts each of which relies upon the other parts for efficient functioning.'(Cunningham, J Cunningham,S).These institutions are essential for maintaining that society works harmoniously and orderly. The view of the functionalist is that the use of power is acceptable and generally beneficial to society. They share norms and values which help them to determine the right from the wrong. There is an acceptance from the functionalists positions that conflicts will occur but will only be temporary and can quickly be resolved. Society should be adequately prepared to deal with instances of anti social behaviour so that society as a whole benefits. In the functionalist perspective schools first role is to emphasise proper behaviour and knowledge that is necessary to maintain a civilised society. According to the functionalist, the children in the Johnsons should therefore be sent to school to be equipped with this weapon and the fact that they are truanting could easily be viewed as anti social behaviour. Karl Marx did not at all agree with capitalisms theories of consensus and in his writing highlighted the conflict theory, although acknowledging structural integration of societys institutions such as political, legal or religious which he described as the superstructure. His view was that workers in the class system like Desmond a car mechanic and Mary a cook at a primary school were being exploited and that there should be equality on control, power, wealth and the best education. Marxists felt that it was those with the means of production that had the power and therefore significantly influenced the rest of the society. This causes a difference of interest among social groups which in turn causes conflict. As both Desmond and Mary are working this creates pressure on parenting skills and has probably forced Desmond to decide sending Eustace to a residential home. Marxists perceive functionalists as deceiving as they say the norms and values which they claim are the backbone of society are infect their norms and values that only help to strengthen their positions perpetuating the unequal social system. Marxists argued that the workers were being replaced by machines in their roles of employment and this resulted in them loosing their skills, assuming monotonous jobs, separated from each other by the noise and would return home dehumanised and physically exhausted. Marx believed the proletariat would realise the exploitation, join together and revolt overthrowing the system and establishing true systems . The Marxists view of social work is that it is an agent of the state and as such reinforces the interest of the ruling class. Their view is that the state in capitalists societies saves the interests of the ruling classes and do not treat their citizens equally even in cases of welfare services. They further state that the image of caring that they create is only a myth which serves to enhance the profits of the capitalists that the social workers serve through the state. The Marxists do not see the necessity of the social control role of social work but an agent of state bent on socially controlling those that are already marginalised and excluded. In this view social workers tend to be ignorant of the poverty they are meant to be addressing from the society by empowering service users to take action and bring about change. The Johnson family appears overcrowded in their residence and this is associated with poverty. Social workers have found themselves working with tied hands as th e system is tightly regulated and procedural thereby restricting social workers from exercising their knowledge. Functionalists viewed the institution of family to be the best organisational basis for society. Talcott Parsons (1955) insists that the family retains two basic and irreducible functions. These are the primary socialisation of children and the stabilisation of adult personalities. So this view will explain that for the family to maintain stability, it needs support to ensure normality. This perspective then explains that if there are signs of antisocial behaviour such as truanting then the family unit needs to be supported. According to Murdock (1949) family performs four important functions i.e. providing new members of the society by reproduction, providing stability for adults through sexual gratification, providing for the economic well being and educating the young to socialise into societys norms and values. Eustaces wondering and confusion could be viewed as hindering by the functionalists because it is affecting Mary who they expect to be participating in the society both as a mother and a worker as it is the institute that will influence good behaviour of children. Functionalists believed that the family is a positive institution, a view that meets well with the needs of an advanced industrial society. The functionalists would view Eustaces confusion as costing the society in terms of health care for Mary and himself. Eustaces problems must be rectified in order to get Mary functioning well again and become productive in the society. Functionalists highlight the ideal family type in a modern society, as the nuclear family. The view of the nuclear family comprises of a breadwinner husband ( in the scenario this would be Desmond) and dependant wife and children. Mary cannot be classified as dependant as she is also working and earning. The functionalist view of the family as ideological is criticised as a conservative stance. Some feminists criticise this view as being unrealistic as it does not recognise the oppression of women in families. However, they defend the claim that the functionalist view of family life is shared by many people, if not only as an aspiration. The nuclear family is seen as traditional and positive. Marxism states that the family is a product of capitalism and is therefore an exploitative institution. They argue that families are not built upon love but are founded from necessity. Women therefore become the property of men and all roles within families exist in order to maintain a capitalist state. There are two classes in the society according to Marxism. One is the ruling class and the other is the subject class. The Johnson family would be classified as a subject class and their employers like the garage owners where Desmond works would be the ruling class. This is opposed by functionalist who claims that there are many classes in society and points to a division of labour. Eustaces situation is also causing friction between Desmond (a father and mechanic) and Mary thereby threatening the institution of family. However a Marxist would hold a different view putting the blame on Mary being over worked and thereby causing her to be depressed. They highlight the lack of care from the employers who do not pay well enough keeping most of the profits to themselves prompting Mary to work long hours. Desmond is said to be impatient with Eustace who he sees as stressing his wife at home while trying to do her job. This appears a functionalist view where Desmond is concerned about Mary being disrupted in doing her job hence not able to contribute to the income. Mary and Desmond might have moved to the UK in response to the big drive for workforce after the world war. They were promised better lives with luxurious facilities only to realise when they arrived in the UK that it was not the case and they had to work extremely hard to earn a living. Desmonds role would be to provide and Mary also performing this role as she also works. Caring for Eustace could be seen by Desmond as preventing Mary from performing the task expected within her role, a view that the feminists would regard as oppressive. Whilst various sociological school of thought tries to explain family circumstances and possible interventions that may assist families it is not adequate in itself. In this context I will now turn to psychological perspectives. The essay will examine psychological theories of behavioural approach, which developed through the works of Thorndike (trial and error learning), Pavlov (classical conditioning) and Skinner (operant conditioning) who all believed that the environment controlled behaviour. Behavioural theory is based on a scientific method (Banks, 2001. p. 73) and on what can be observed, studied, measured and reliably changed (Feltham, 1995; cited in Adams R, Dominelli L Payne M, 2002. p.144). It argues that internal states such as thoughts, intentions and feeling are not observable and replicable, hence are not open to scientific analysis, it aims to eradicate or reduce behaviours that are deemed problematic while positive behaviours are encouraged, an agreement between the service user and the practitioner through the process of positively reinforcing and rewarding consequences that a service user consider valuable. Payne (1997) in his token economies (Payne, 1997. p.133) argues that this helps reinforce and strengthen the desirable behaviour. This theory sees the behaviourist assuming that most behaviour is learned as a result of our interactions with our environment, including emotional development, perceptions of the external world, social behaviour and personality. Milner and OByrne (1998 p112) describes Classical conditioning occurring when there is an association of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus such that the former stir up a response previously evoked only by the later. This was similar to Pavlovs (1911) conclusion in his famous Dog-Salivation-Experiment. If applied in this case study it would first try to identify the original stimulus, in this case, the loss of a loved one Susan, the response, Eustaces confusion and Marys anxiety and depression. Those associated with unpleasant or stressful feelings may become conditioned stimuli for feelings of anger and anxiety later on. (Birch A, 1997, p139). Another theory of behaviour Operant conditioning claims that learning occurs when voluntary behaviour arises from an individual and becomes more or less likely to be repeated depending on its results as demonstrated by Skinner (1953) in his Skinner-Box-Experiments with a cat and a pigeon. In the Johnson family scenario, Mary is a service user with depression and anxiety which Milner and OByrne argues ABC Approach (Milner and O Byrne, 1998. p.114) is necessary in identifying and analysing the behaviour that needs modification in agreement with the service user. Mary has gone to see the doctor on her own accord and therefore there is an agreement. This would involve establishing the Antecedent (caring for her father and the family), and the consequences (depression and anxiety). The consequences will either strengthen or weaken behaviour by reinforcement or punishment (Payne, 1997. p. 114). In Marys case it is the depression and anxiety that is undesirable. The distinctive characterist ic of operant conditioning relative to previous forms of behaviorism is that the organism ( Mary) can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus (the practitioner). It is likely that Mary would respond positively if the right responses have been reinforced. Behaviourism models are advantageous due to their easy adaptability and practicability by inexperienced practitioners without extensive training than would be expected of a psychodynamic approach (Adams, R, Dominelli, L and Payne, M, 2002. p. 144) in facilitating an effective outcome. Payne (1997) also argues that the prescribed explicit, structured guidanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and assessment instruments employed (Payne, 1997. p. 134) gives unskilled practitioners the confidence to apply behavioural theory and procedures in interventions. My perception is that as behavioural intervention focuses on negative behaviour that needs modification, it is empowering the service user to choose and self determine the behaviours that need modification in partnership and therefore the practitioner is recognising and respecting individuality. The role of the practitioner is to facilitate and support the service user. Thus, labelling and making judgement on the service user is avoided and is then direct ed to the behaviour. Behavioural approaches have been criticised by some practitioners as being excessively mechanistic (Banks, 2001. p.73) and non-human (Payne, 1997. p.122) in some of its methods, conducts and terms used, as they do not take into account service user individuality and will to choose. It is true that Mary would be different from other service users who would have used the same theory. The behavioural approach overall intervention emphasis is on the need to change or modify the client behaviour rather than those around the client who may be the problem. In the case scenario it is probably Desmond who we need to convince that Mary and Eustace need his understanding and cooperation as well as dealing with the fact that the family were not offered support to grieve and move on with life after the death of a loved one. Milner and OByrne (1998) point out that social workers tend to do as they find easier to change an individual than challenge the status quo (Milner and OByrne, 1998. Attachment has been defined as an affectionate bond between two individuals that endures through space and time and serves to join them emotionally Kennell 1976. John Bowlby described attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers had an impact lasting throughout their lives. Adult attachment theory helps Social Workers understand how people feel and act within close relationships, particularly in stressful situations.  Attachment is not different in adulthood and in childhood as they all will give and receive support. Attachment relationships can be secure or insecure.  Attachment is clearly influential in both professional and personal settings.   As a Social Worker knowing about the attachment theory can help to make the right steps in order to protect the child and the family. Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly on Bowlbys original work with behaviour experiment which she named Strange Situation. In the study children between 12 months and 18 months were left alone with a stranger with the mother returning a moment later. The study revealed three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant insecure attachment. A fourth one was later added on by researchers Main and Solomon called disorganised insecure-attachment. It is clear that Mary has a bond with her father and hence his condition is affecting her psychologically. The fact that Mary and Desmonds relationship seemed to be strained by having Eustace living with them shows that they are experiencing lack of intimacy support for one another. The scenario mentions the death of Susan in the family and appears that Eustace, Mary and the Kids have been affected. Loss through death is a normal part of life experienced by everyone. The grief process varies in length and this also depends on the strength of the attachment. This period is usually very painful as the affected seek to adjust or cope without their loved one. Collin, Murray-parkes (1972) describes bereavement as an illness, thus in turn prompted Mary to see her doctor for help. The Johnson family appears not to have gone through the grieving process. Eustace is showing a lack of interest in normal life by wondering and could be his way of searching for his wife. The grieving process involves psychological suffering ( Birch, A ,1997 p251) Grief is defined as the process of psychological, social and somatic reactions to the perceptions of loss (Rando, 1984). This explains that the individual is affected mentally, physically as well as socially. Bereavement is defined as the state of having suffered a loss (Rando, 1984). According to Balwby excessive separation anxiety is usually the result of adverse family experiences, such as repeated threats of abandonment or rejections by parents, or to parents or siblings illnesses or death for which the child feels responsible. The truanting of the children could be a result of the feeling that they felt abandoned after the death of Susan who at one stage raised them for three years when their parents moved to the UK and could have bonded with the children. They have been living in the same house and this could have kept them close. A key principle of an attachment based practice is the acknowledgment that young children develop a range of adaptive strategies that are designed to help them cope with, survive and function in whatever situations they happen to find themselves, The children could be truanting as way of coping with the loss. As Eustace is wondering and possibly searching for his wife, it could be that he is thinking of joining her wife where ever she is. This brings Erikssons stages of development Integrity v Despair. Integrity is contentment with what you have achieved and Despair is the feeling that you have achieved nothing. As Eustace could be nearing the end of his life he will probably look back with integrity. He had his child who also got married and had her own family. He has lived for more than sixty years and although it does not look like he lived a porch life he was not homeless and up to this day still has a loving daughter taking care of him. Eustace will probably be looking forward to dying with contentment. Applying sociological and psychological theories as well as social work values has been a challenge for me considering my ethnic background of African origin as much as the Johnson family who travelled to settle in the UK, a country with different norms, cultures and values. I feel I empathise more with the Johnson family, in relation to the impact of new norms, culture and a new way of living. Studying social work has challenged some of my beliefs and prejudices and hence the toleration of others, provide recognition and ability to challenge discrimination. Adherence of work values have provided me with further understanding of being respectful of other peoples, views, religion, culture and preferences which is of paramount significance to become a social work practitioner. (GSCC 2002).  

Essay --

Using Xervmon for planning and provisioning redundancy across multiple availability zones The cost of downtime Downtime costs enterprises money, in fact a great deal of money. The actual cost depends on the industry, but on average the revenue losses amount to between $84,000 and $108,000 for every hour of unplanned downtime. That isn’t the only loss; on to that you need to add the intangible costs of the impact of downtime on reputation and loyalty. Managing downtime There is a big difference between scheduled and unscheduled downtime. Scheduled downtime is necessary in order to perform maintenance such as software patches, system configuration changes and database and hardware maintenance. Unscheduled downtime occurs typically as the result of hardware or software failure or an event such as a power cut or environmental catastrophe. High availability Designing a system for high availability is problematic. Increasing system complexity increases the number of possible failure points. Simply installing internal hardware redundancy isn’t an answer as it means that the whole system must be taken down for maintenance. It is necessary so design the system so that it can be maintained without affecting service availability. Such a management tool needs to satisfy three criteria: high availability, fault tolerance and scalability. High availability implies that the uptime of an application is 99.9999%, which is often termed â€Å"five nines†. It equates to a maximum downtime of 5.26 minutes a year which includes both planned and unplanned outages or downtime. Of course the ultimate goal is an application that has no downtime at all and is always available. Xervmon Solution: Users can now unleash the power of visualized deployments with ... ... have been restored. ELB and Auto Scaling combine ideally: ELB gives a single DNS name for addressing and auto scaling ensures there is always the right number of healthy Amazon EC2 instances to accept requests. Fault Tolerance Building fault-tolerant applications on Amazon EC2 requires that the best practices are followed, for instance: †¢ Commission replacement instances rapidly †¢ Amazon EBS should be used for persistent storage †¢ Multiple Availability Zones along with elastic IP addresses. Multi AZ architecture By distributing applications geographically one can achieve greater fault tolerance. As the Amazon EC2 commitment is 99.95% availability for every EC2 Region, it is essential to deploy applications across multiple AZs. Redundant instances are placed in distinct AZs and ELB will automatically balance traffic across multiple instances and multiple AZs.

Scavengers and Nothing’s Changed. Two very different poems, written by :: English Literature

Scavengers and Nothing’s Changed. Two very different poems, written by two very different poets, both of whom write with regards to their own cultures, backgrounds and places of origin SCAVENGERS and NOTHING’S CHANGED Scavengers and Nothing’s Changed. Two very different poems, written by two very different poets, both of whom write with regards to their own cultures, backgrounds and places of origin – all of which are very different. What could these two poems have in common. Ostensibly, nothing. Scavengers is simply about the social divide between the upper and working classes, whilst Nothing’s Changed tells of a young man’s anger at being discriminated because of his colour. But after even the most shallow disection it is easy to see the connection between these two poems. Nothing’s Changed’s angry young man is obviously a victim of other peoples racial prejudice, but the two bin men of Scavengers are also victims of prejudice, looked down upon by the middle and upper classes because of their job, their financial situation, their parents. There’s your first shared theme. Then you got the second: hypocrisy. The hypocrisy theme runs strong in both poems. In Nothing’s Changed it’s that this poem takes place after a law had been passed against racial discrimination. Laws change. Attitudes don’t. There may not be a sign on the door denying the young boy entry, for it is an unwritten law that he is rebelling against. He is rebelling against the attitudes of the people inside the resturant. With Scavengers it is the entire American Dream that is called into question and shown up to be what it is: a lie. The American Dream is that anyone, no matter the class, creed or connections, can do anything, be anything. A person born into poverty and raised on the streets can rise to be president. All it takes is hard work, and you can be whoever you want to be. Which is, of course, a lie. The current president of the United States is a straight C student. In this country, he might have scraped into Sixth Form by the skin of his teeth. He might have got to be a office desk jockey for a paper merchant. But in the US, he’s the son of a former president, argo – he’s president. Of course, blood has nothing to do with it *please read with dripping sarcasm in mind*. The poem is quite clear in it’s message: The American Dream Is a Lie! Great Hemocracy? Great Hipocrisy. There’s another thing that connects the two poems. It’s the idea that many people in these unfortunate positions often hinder any sort of

Stimulation Review

University of Phoenix Material Simulation Review Paper Review the Analyzing Financial Indicators for Decision Making simulation. Prepare a formal 1,050- to 1,400-word paper describing the decisions you made in the simulation. Specifically address the following: Financial Accounting from a Cardiac Care Hospital’s Perspective †¢ Bridge a working capital shortage. †¢ Evaluate funding options for acquiring medical equipment. †¢ Evaluate funding options for capital expansion. Phase I: Capital Shortage †¢ Which cost-cutting options did you select? Why? †¢ Which loan option did you select? Why? †¢ What was the outcome of your decision? Phase II: Funding Options for Equipment Acquisition †¢ Which cost-effective equipment selections did you make? Why? †¢ What was the outcome of your decision? Phase III: Funding Options for Capital Expansion †¢ Which source of funding did you select? Why? †¢ What was the outcome of your selection? Summary and Conclusions †¢ What did you learn from this simulation? †¢ What would you do differently if you performed the simulation again? How will you apply what you learned at your current or future job? Support your ideas, analysis, and conclusions with references to scholarly external sources, such as the texts and journal articles. 1. Individual Assignment: Simulation Review †¢ Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Simulation Review Paper and SIMULATIONS: Analyzing Financial Indicators for Decision Making   Review the Simulation Review Paper docume nt located in the materials section in Week Four on the student Web site. Review the grading criteria located in Week Four on your student website. †¢ Review the Simulation Review Paper and the Analyzing Financial Indicators for Decision Making documents located on the student website. †¢ Write a 1,050- to 1,500-word summary of your choices and the reasons for your choices. †¢ Format your summary consistent with APA guidelines. http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Simulation-Review-Paper/530452? topic

Mgmt Quiz

1. While there are many routes to competitive advantage, they all involve B. delivering superior value to buyers in ways rivals cannot readily match. 2. A low-cost leader can translate its low-cost advantage over rivals into superior profit performance by B. either using its low-cost edge to underprice competitors and attract price sensitive buyers in large enough numbers to increase total profits or refraining from price-cutting and using the low-cost advantage to earn a bigger profit margin on each unit sold. 3. The major avenues for achieving a cost advantage over rivals include A. liminating or curbing non-essential cost-producing activities and performing essential value chain activities more cost-effectively that rivals. Â   4. A differentiation-based competitive advantage E. often hinges on incorporating features that (1) raise the performance of the product or (2) lower the buyer's overall costs of using the company's product or (3) enhance buyer satisfaction in intangible or non-economic ways or (4) deliver value to customers by exploiting competitive capabilities that rivals can't match. 5.Which of the following is not one of the pitfalls of a low-cost provider strategy? B. Using a cost-based advantage to improve the company's bargaining position with high-volume buyers 6. Opportunities to differentiate a company's product offering C. can exist in supply chain activities, R, manufacturing activities, distribution and shipping or marketing, sales and customer service. 7. In which of the following circumstances is a strategy to be the industry's overall low-cost provider not particularly well matched to the market situation?When buyers have widely varying needs and special requirements and when the cost of switching purchases from one seller to another are relatively high.8. The objective of competitive strategy is to B. build advantage in the marketplace by giving buyers superior value relative the offerings of rival sellers.9. Successful differentiation allows a firm to D. command a premium price for its product and/or increase unit sales and/or gain buyer loyalty to its brand.10. The generic types of competitive strategies include C. ow-cost provider, broad differentiation, focused low-cost, focused differentiation and best cost provider strategies.11. Easy-to-copy differentiating features A. do not offer the promise of sustainable competitive advantage.12. A competitive strategy to be the low-cost provider in an industry works well when E. All of these.13. The most appealing approaches to differentiation are E. those that are tough for rivals to duplicate and that also have considerable buyer appeal. Read also Quiz Week 414. A company that succeeds in differentiating its product offering from those of its rivals can usually E.All of the above.15. A strategy to be the industry's overall low-cost provider tends to be more appealing than a differentiation or focus strategy when C. the offerings of rival firms are essentially identical, standardized, commodity-like products.16. Which of the following is not one of the five generic types of competitive strategy? E. A market share dominator strategy17. Perceived value and signaling value are often an important part of a successful differentiation strategy when E. All of these.18. A competitive strategy of striving to be the low-cost provider is particularly attractive when E. switching costs are high, price competition is strong, and buyers tend to use the industry's products in many different ways.19. A low-cost leader's basis for competitive advantage is D. meaningfully lower overall costs than competitors.20. A company's competitive strategy deals with A. management's game plan for securing a competitive advantage relative to rivals.