What Is Childhood And How Do We Know What It Is - 825 Words

Childhood Construction: What Is Childhood And How Do We Know What It Is? (Speech Presentation Sample) Content: Children psychologyStudents nameInstitutional affiliationCourseDateInstructor419666000Childhood structure457175937070IntroductionChildhood is not a universal phenomenon experienced by every child regardless of his/geographical location, parenting and biological aspects. (Pilcher and Wagg, 2005 pp 16) stated that there is no single universal childhood, experienced by all so childhood isn't 'natural' and should be distinguished from mere biological immaturity. His statement may therefore be expanded to explain why a society has their own distinct understanding of childhood. United Kingdom for example have their own definition and understanding of childhood while Germany has its own structured childhood perspectives. The term socially constructed means that the childhood aspect is developed and logically managed by the immediate society of interest hence our case on United Kingdom.what is childhood and how do we know what it is?As explained at the beginning of the prese ntation, childhood is not only a biological stage of human growth. The idea regarding fixed age, emotions or characters as a sign of childhood in various societies is false perception (Pilcher and Wagg, 2005 pp 14). Thus is because childhood is a kind of science idea where society determines what is childhood and what fits the childhood experiences. Lets take an example of some third world countries where children at the age of 12 years work as casual laborers in plantations and factories. Childhood in such a society may be deemed different from childhood ideas in United Kingdom where child labor is serious offense.what are the continuities and discontinuities?Lloyd Demause states that the further you go back in history, the higher your chances of understanding that childhood was a nightmare experience. During the older days, children lack substantial parental, guardian and general society care. There was high likelihood that children were killed, battered, beaten and sexually abuse d (DeMause, 1974 pp 503). In one circumstance for example, a child who cried too much was considered too demanding. Moreover, children could be tied using strings so as to prevent them from crawling on the floor like animals (Shorter, 1975 pp 30). The most concrete part of child misuse was the ancient aspect of sacrificing toddlers. Infanticide was so common in Rome in that the practice was blamed for the small population of the kingdom. From the past century however, our understanding of childhood as changed thanks to the work of researches and historians who unearthed the importance of parent-child relation in shaping a better society. Psychologist, sociologist and anthropologist have found their paths to understanding what need to be changed and what need to be maintained in childhood (DeMause, 1974 pp 2). There have been various changes regarding childhood handling in the world (Hutchby and Moran-Ellis, 2013 pp 13). The use of ghosts as channel for frightening children was freq uently used until the recent decades when the norm was abandoned to negative side effects on a child psychology (Scheper-Hughes and Sargent, 1998 pp 11). The picture below is an evidence of scary mask used in ancient rome to frighten children. The current world has changed siginifcantly with some aspects such as toilet training being evidenced from the 19th century onwards.Theories of childhood and how can they be critiquedFreud's psychosexual stage theory- according to Freud, the human personality is intertwined between three parts that is the id, ego and superego. The id, is the largest part of the mind and its main related to impulses and general biological needs of child ((Jackson and Scott, 1999 pp 92). The ego part is attributed to behavioral monitoring. The part identifies a kid desires without necessarily hurting him/her. A kid should be restricted by social norms and teachings. The superego part therefore regulates the id part through understanding what is good and bad af ter interacting with the society (Cooper and Olson, 1996 pp 78). The theorist concluded that continued struggle and conflict between the three aspects of a child growth influences his/her personality as explained by the image. Freuds theory however analyzed the facts based on adults responses. The theorist never interacted with children before making the conclusions.Piaget theory on cognitive development- the theory seeks to establish how the childhood of a person helps in developing an understanding of the world. Just like previous historical understanding of childhood nature, Piaget concludes that a persons intelligence is not an inborn aspect. An individuals environment and general interaction with the world have direct relations to a persons intelligence in the later life (Piaget, 1973 pp 12). The theory however is focused on classroom aspect only. Some activities inhuman life does not generally depend on paper works given out as question and answer in classroom. A child may pos e gaming and art talent but may fail to impress in class.Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development- Erikson developed an eight stage theory where a child is modified progressively into a successful and contributive member of the society. Each of the stages has a conflict and resolution that help a child overcome problems at hand (James, Jenks and Prout, 1998 pp 12). The stages are; * Trust vs. Mistrust * Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt * Initiative vs. Guilt * Industry vs. Inferiority * Identity vs. Role Confusion * Intimacy vs. Isolation * Generativity vs. Stagnation * Integrity vs. DespairThe theory is however based on mere imagination regarding a child growth (Lewin, 1939 pp 872). The stages do not necessarily apply to every child growth worldwide.Key themes of the...

Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1150 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/21 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Civil Rights Movement Essay Did you like this example? Martin Luther King Jr. once said, Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Rights Act of 1964" essay for you Create order Truer words could not be used to describe the people who suffered discrimination and racism because of the ignorance of American people. The act was originally drawn up in 1962 under President Kennedy before his assassination; it survived the rampage of strong Southern opposition in Congress and was signed by successor Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed guaranteeing the end of segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was one of the most controversial and most argued debates passed by the House and Senate debates in history. It was also the biggest piece of civil rights legislation ever passed. The bill actually evolved from previous civil rights bills in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Before the Civil Rights Act, people abode by Jim Crow laws and condoned the Ku Klux Klan. White southerners were not happy with the end of slavery and the idea of living or working equally with blacks whom they considered inferior. To keep-up, the majority of states and local communities passed Jim Crow laws that required separate but equal status for African Americans. These laws established laws against the opposite race. Jim Crow Laws were established between 1874 and 1975. Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation and acted upon the saying separate but equal. Colored and white people had different facilities where the colored one would be mediocre at best. Some constitutional amendments had already been passed abolishing slavery, made slaves citizens, and have all men the right to vote. In the South however, African americans were constantly threatened and were afraid of voting and jeopardizing their safety; even if colored people were allowed to vote, they had to pass a literacy test none of the white men had to take and even then were threatened by people with authority. John F. Kennedy was elected to president on January 1961. He was pushed into taking action against the Souths police brutality. In Birmingham, Alabama, authorities controlled nonviolent demonstrations with dogs, clubs, and high-pressure hoses. Although concerned about losing Southern support for reelection, he began working on a bill to end segregation. Opposed by Congress, the bill was never supported enough to pass and the KKK didnt help either. He was assassinated November 22, 1963 in Dallas while in a motorcade. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson stepped up to President and continued Kennedys work, Let this session of congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined., said Johnson in his first state of the Union address. The House of Representatives debated for nine days, rejecting nearly 100 amendments designed to weaken the bill. At the senate, some final challenges presented themselves. The bills expansion of federal powers and its potential to anger constituents who might retaliate in the voting booth were feared. The bill passed the house on February 10, 1964 after 70 days of public hearings, appearances by 275 witnesses, and 5,792 pages of published testimony says the Constitutional Rights Foundation says The Civil Rights Act of 1964 published by AE Television Networks. The senate voted 73-27 in favor of the bill and Johnson signed it into law on July 2, 1964 banning segregation in all public places including courthouses, parks, restaurants, theaters, sports arenas, and hotels; a person could not be denied because of the color of their skin. Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with at least 75 pens which he handed out to congressional supporters of the bill such as Hubert Humphrey, the 38th Vice President of the United States, former United States Senator Everett Dirksen who nurtured the bill through compromised discussions, and to civil rights leaders like the well-known Martin Luther King Jr. who said it was nothing less than a second emancipation. Once the bill was approved and signed, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision opened; they could and would file lawsuits on behalf of workers making the workplace more equal and forced bosses or recruiters to not discriminate against the workers knowing if they did they would be sued says the National Archive: Educator Resources. Not only were discriminatory people being sued, but federal funds could no longer be used for any racial programs whose sole mission was to discriminate against colored people. The Office of Education was also given funds to help desegregate schools and prohibited the unequal application of voting requirements. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 paved the way for the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which prohibited literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices set in place to stop colored people from voting and violated their 15th amendment rights: the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. says the Library of Congress. Also, thanks to both of these acts, the Fair Housing Act of 1968 was passed banning discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of property. Thanks to the bill, voter registration of the eligible black population increased from under seven percent in 1965 to more than 70 percent in 1967 in Mississippi. In 1990, 66.2% of all African Americans 25 years or older had completed high school, while in 1997 the percentage increased to 74.9%. They began getting an opportunity to study, go to school, and get a better job. People who had been racially discriminated against were going onto higher education; in 1996, only 1,563 doctorates were awarded and had a 48% increase since 1987. People back then needed dentists just like now. Women were starting to expand from staying at home and doing domestic jobs. They could go to school now and turned to dentistry. Women earned only one percent of professional dental degrees in 1972 and increased to 36% in 1996. This means both colored men and women started getting jobs and joining men after they could no longer be discriminated because of the color of their skin and their sex. Not only were people working to graduate from college, but also pursuing higher education including doctorates. In 1971, only 14% of women achieving doctoral degrees and increased to 40% in 1996. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to growing equality in womens rights, disability rights, gay rights, and immigrant rights. It was a new era, a new chapter in the book, as discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin was outlawed. It paved the way for desegregation and the prohibition of discrimination in public places and within agencies. It improved the black and colored community. They could now go anywhere they wanted to without fearing racism or being turned away because of the color of their skin. Colored people could use the same bathrooms as whites and didnt have social barriers when it came to socializing and even finding jobs.

Software and Neworking Technologies Commonly Employed in...

Task 1 (a) There are many things to consider when implementing an e-commerce system for the reliable transfer of money and goods online, as each part of the chain has to be analysed to make sure that it is not the weak link that will be the downfall of the entire system. In this document, I will be outlining some of the more common forms of e-commerce hardware, software and networking technologies that are commonly employed in the world of e-commerce. Software When choosing software to implement, one must think if it fulfils a number of criteria, some of these criteria would be things such as: †¢ Easy for the buyer to use, such as a â€Å"shopping basket† style interface †¢ Secure, for both the buyer’s details and the seller’s systems†¦show more content†¦From a more technical standpoint, the browsers and servers communicate by using a protocol known as TCP/IP, and it is vital that both the computers that are trying to communicate (in this case to make a sale, or purchase) are using the same protocol, otherwise communication between the systems is not possible. An IP address is a number used to identify systems from other systems on a network, his is also applied to the Internet, the world’s largest network, in the case of e-commerce an IP address is used much in the same way that an address is used in the real word, information is sent to the address in the real world (this would be in the form of a letter) and information is sent back to the IP that sent the data. An IP address can be used to view web pages in a browser, by being typed in the address bar, however due to them being long strings of numbers that are not easy for humans to remember, it is much more practical and commonplace to use a ‘domain name’ which takes the place of an IP address as a much more memorable and marketable name to do business under. A domain name is a string of characters such as letters or numbers that can generally be marketed as the business name, it can be paired with one or many IP addresses that belong to the same person, meaning that should someone wish to run their website on multiple servers with the same domain name, this is possible. The basic architectural design of an e-commerce system The

Management and Strategy for RAC Motoring- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Strategy for RAC Motoring Services. Answer: Operational and Strategic Characteristics and Current Evaluation of RAC Motoring RAC Motoring Services was formed over 100 years ago as an automotive service companyand offering other services such motor vehicle insurance. For some time RAC was ranked behind Automobile Association (AA) in operational activities such as advertisements and customer awareness activities. That remained the case until both companies were recently owned by a particular group hence they were no longer subjected to making profit for external shareholders. In 1999, AA and RAC got separated again where AA was bought by Centrica utility service company and RAC was acquired by Lex plc. This was as a result of Green flag joining the market as cost leaders by selling their products at a cheaper price. The green flag also did alot of enticing advertisements that reached a large number of customers within a very short time. This helped them earn larger market share at the cost of both AA and RAC. Lex made the decision of buying RAC on the grounds of its perfect brands, its large market share, an d its influential supernormal profits. As RAC desired to raise its market share it adopted an improved call- talking skills and dispatch procedures by working with the state-of-the-art technology. RAC also hired a number of patrols who were experts in mechanic, garage operations and were potential through experience. RACs patrol team was also set to liberate and repair customers vehicles at the roadside. RAC built attractive control centers at high and noticeable points at the motorway systems showing its location as a modern service provider For RAC to get over its outdated identity the company rebranded and modify its corporate hue. This activity was specifically aiming at creating a contemporary and powerful image to allure younger market sections. This was basically to address the persistently declining market portion (Vallath, 2014). Recommendations for Improving Quality at RAC RAC Limited which is offering reliable services by controlling the risk factors and through the use effective managerial skills to create the long-lasting utility to its customers. The company lacks some various resources and personnel that could be improved to make profits for the organization. The Following are some of the recommendations for improving quality of services at RAC. Decision-making strategies should be entangledin the process of operational management in organizations. This could facilitate the suitability of the decisions made and the processes adopted for a smoothly operating organization. Formation of committees in the organization that is accountable for identifying ineffective decisions and taking authoritative and appropriate steps on unproductive activities should be adopted. This will fasten the decision making process and reduce time wastage. This enhances harmony and also discourages blame games between subordinates and various shareholders in case of a failure of a process as a result of a decision made. Human resource management department should be formed in the organization and should be well equipped so as to offer quality training to the workers. Through effective employees in all organizational departments, it is easy and cost-effective for an organization to improve and develop better services and quality products securing a good position in the market. Contractors can also be used in the training sessions with the patrols. They help to improve their technical skills, learn further about new technology and can learn through observations and practical from other patrols. This will also help the contractors to sharpen their efficiency and skills on the service delivery. Proper planning and assessment of demand and supply ratios in the market. The use of sales records can significantly contribute to the control of demand changes according to time, economic changes, technological growth, and political temperature. All these factors have a great impact on the companys competitive advantage. It is also recommended for RAC to undertake a benchmarking step to the best performing company in the same or different industry such as the Green flag. During that process, they can compare their performance, functional, planning, financial and strategic operations, identify their weaknesses, develop, implement, review and compare their results of before and after benchmarking process (Thompson Frank, 2010). References: Thompson, J. L., F. M. (2010). Strategic Management: Awareness Change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Vallath, M. (2014). Oracle Real Application Clusters. Digital Press.